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Related Concept Videos

Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
Commonly used fusion techniques — electroporation, polyethylene glycol...
Blood Typing01:10

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

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Generation of Recombinant Human IgG Monoclonal Antibodies from Immortalized Sorted B Cells
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Published on: June 5, 2015

B-cells and mixed cryoglobulinemia.

Clodoveo Ferri1, Alessandro Antonelli, Maria Teresa Mascia

  • 1Chair and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Modena & Reggio E., Medical School, Modena, Italy. clferri@unimore.it

Autoimmunity Reviews
|November 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is a vasculitis driven by B-cell expansion, often linked to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection. This review explores the viral, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of B-cell proliferation in MC patients.

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hematology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is a systemic small-vessel vasculitis characterized by abnormal B-cell expansion.
  • This B-cell proliferation can range from a benign lymphoproliferative condition to overt lymphoma.
  • Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a primary cause of MC, initiating a complex pathogenesis involving hepatic and extrahepatic disorders (HCV syndrome).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the intricate virological, clinico-pathological, and therapeutic implications of B-cell proliferation in MC.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of HCV-related B-cell abnormalities in the context of MC.
  • To discuss the potential evolution of MC towards lymphoproliferative disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on virology, clinical presentation, pathology, and treatment of MC.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the role of HCV in B-cell dysregulation.
  • Synthesis of information on the spectrum of HCV-related disorders.

Main Results:

  • HCV infection is a key driver of B-cell expansion in MC, representing a model for virus-driven autoimmune/neoplastic disorders.
  • MC involves a wide range of hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations, collectively termed HCV syndrome.
  • B-cell proliferation in MC has significant clinical and therapeutic implications, with potential progression to lymphoma.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the complex interplay between HCV, B-cell proliferation, and MC is crucial for effective management.
  • Therapeutic strategies must address both the viral infection and the lymphoproliferative aspects of the disease.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the full spectrum of MC pathogenesis and optimize treatment outcomes.