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Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Achieving High-Purity In Vitro Differentiation of Th17 Cells Using Cytokine Concentration Modulation

Author Spotlight: Achieving High-Purity In Vitro Differentiation of Th17 Cells Using Cytokine Concentration Modulation

Published on: October 25, 2024

Th17 cells: effector T cells with inflammatory properties.

Thomas Korn¹, Mohamed Oukka, Vijay Kuchroo

¹Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM780, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Seminars in Immunology

|November 24, 2007

Summary

T helper 17 (Th17) cells, a distinct immune cell type, require specific cytokines like IL-6 and TGF-beta for differentiation. These cells play crucial roles in host defense and organ-specific autoimmunity.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cellular Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Naïve CD4(+) T cells differentiate into effector T cells with distinct functions.
The Th1/Th2 paradigm has expanded to include T helper 17 (Th17) cells, characterized by IL-17 production.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the differentiation requirements and functional significance of Th17 cells.
To discuss the regulatory network and role of Th17 cells in immunity and autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

Analysis of cytokine signaling pathways involved in T cell differentiation.
Investigation of transcription factor involvement (STAT3, ROR-gammat) in Th17 commitment.

Main Results:

Th17 cell differentiation is critically dependent on the synergistic action of IL-6 and TGF-beta.
IL-23 is essential for the maintenance of Th17 cell populations.
STAT3 and ROR-gammat are key molecular players in Th17 cell lineage commitment.

Conclusions:

Th17 cells possess unique effector functions beyond Th1/Th2 cells.
Th17 cells are implicated in host defense against pathogens and the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
The complex cytokine network regulating Th17 cells and their interplay with other immune cells are vital in tissue inflammation.