Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 9, 2026
04:22
Disposable Dosators for Pulmonary Insufflation of Therapeutic Agents to Small Animals
Published on: March 30, 2017
Developing a pulmonary insulin delivery system for patients with diabetes
1Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. dailey.george@scrippshealth.org
Clinical Therapeutics
|November 27, 2007
Summary
Inhaled dry powder insulin (IDPI) effectively improves glycemic control in patients with diabetes. This alternative insulin delivery method is well-tolerated and enhances patient satisfaction compared to traditional injections.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus Research
Background:
- Many patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) fail to reach glycemic targets.
- Insulin therapy is often delayed due to needle phobia or injection complexity.
- Inhaled dry powder insulin (IDPI) is an approved preprandial option.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of inhaled dry powder insulin (IDPI).
- To compare IDPI with subcutaneous (SC) insulin and oral agents for diabetes management.
Main Methods:
- Literature search of PubMed (1980-2007) and 2006 American Diabetes Association abstracts.
- Included studies focused on diabetes, subcutaneous insulin, and inhaled insulin.
- Analysis of clinical studies reporting on IDPI use.
Main Results:
- IDPI improved glycemic control in type 1 and type 2 DM patients, used alone or with other therapies.
- IDPI demonstrated an acceptable tolerability profile with similar hypoglycemia risk to SC insulin.
- Patients reported significantly higher treatment satisfaction with IDPI compared to SC insulin or oral agents.
Conclusions:
- Inhaled dry powder insulin (IDPI) is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for diabetes.
- IDPI offers a viable option for patients to achieve improved glycemic control.
- IDPI may enhance patient adherence and satisfaction in diabetes management.
Related Concept Videos
01:16Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
01:27Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
01:25Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
01:22Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
01:30Production of Pharmaceuticals
Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...
01:23Inhaled Medications
Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...