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Related Concept Videos

ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased ATP...
ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...
Neurochemical Transmission: Sites of Drug Action01:26

Neurochemical Transmission: Sites of Drug Action

Neurochemical transmission, the conduction of electrical impulses between neurons mediated by neurotransmitters, plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Autonomic drugs exert their effects by modulating neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system. For instance, drugs such as hemicholinium block the precursor uptake necessary for synthesizing acetylcholine, an essential autonomic neurotransmitter. Following synthesis, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles. Metyrosine...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Imaging of Intracellular ATP in Organotypic Tissue Slices of the Mouse Brain using the FRET-based Sensor ATeam1.03YEMK
11:20

Imaging of Intracellular ATP in Organotypic Tissue Slices of the Mouse Brain using the FRET-based Sensor ATeam1.03YEMK

Published on: December 19, 2019

Do ATP and NO interact in the CNS?

F Florenzano1, M T Viscomi, S Amadio

  • 1Experimental Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.

Progress in Neurobiology
|November 27, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular ATP and nitric oxide (NO) act as crucial messengers in the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding their interactions, purinergic (ATP) and nitrergic (NO) cross-talk, offers potential for novel therapeutic strategies.

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Two-photon Imaging of Microglial Processes' Attraction Toward ATP or Serotonin in Acute Brain Slices
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Two-photon Imaging of Microglial Processes' Attraction Toward ATP or Serotonin in Acute Brain Slices

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Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells
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Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells

Published on: April 3, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Imaging of Intracellular ATP in Organotypic Tissue Slices of the Mouse Brain using the FRET-based Sensor ATeam1.03YEMK
11:20

Imaging of Intracellular ATP in Organotypic Tissue Slices of the Mouse Brain using the FRET-based Sensor ATeam1.03YEMK

Published on: December 19, 2019

Two-photon Imaging of Microglial Processes' Attraction Toward ATP or Serotonin in Acute Brain Slices
07:27

Two-photon Imaging of Microglial Processes' Attraction Toward ATP or Serotonin in Acute Brain Slices

Published on: January 31, 2019

Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells
11:47

Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells

Published on: April 3, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nitric oxide (NO) function as key signaling molecules in the central nervous system (CNS).
  • Purinergic signaling involves ionotropic (P2XR) and metabotropic (P2YR) receptors, with P2XRs critical for brain plasticity and CNS disease pathogenesis.
  • Nitric oxide (NO) lacks specific receptors, with its actions dependent on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, influencing diverse physiological and pathological functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the interplay between purinergic and nitrergic systems, with a focus on their interactions within the CNS.
  • To consolidate current knowledge on the physiological and pathological relevance of ATP and NO signaling in the brain.
  • To explore the potential of targeting ATP/NO cross-talk for developing combined pharmacological agents.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on purinergic and nitrergic signaling in the CNS.
  • Analysis of experimental evidence detailing the interactions between ATP and NO pathways.
  • Synthesis of information regarding the roles of ATP and NO in CNS physiological and pathological processes.

Main Results:

  • Both ATP and NO modulate various tissues, including the immune, brain, and vascular systems.
  • Direct interactions between purinergic and nitrergic mechanisms are documented both outside and within the CNS.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the physiological and pathological significance of direct ATP and NO interactions in the CNS.

Conclusions:

  • The cross-talk between purinergic and nitrergic systems is integral to CNS function and dysfunction.
  • Understanding ATP/NO interactions provides a basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Combined pharmacological approaches targeting both ATP and NO signaling hold promise for treating CNS disorders.