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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: July 29, 2011

Epicardial left ventricular mapping using subxiphoid video pericardioscopy.

Marco A Zenati¹, Alaa Shalaby, Gregory Eisenman

¹Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. zenatim@upmc.edu

The Annals of Thoracic Surgery

|November 27, 2007

Summary

A new subxiphoid video pericardioscopy technique enables direct epicardial visualization for heart mapping. This minimally invasive approach uses the FLEXview system, reducing fluoroscopy use and improving access to the entire biventricular epicardium.

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Echocardiographic Assessment Using Subxiphoid-Only Examination for Hypotensive Patients

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Published on: April 18, 2025

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Surgery
Medical Imaging
Electrophysiology

Background:

Epicardial mapping is crucial for understanding cardiac arrhythmias.
Current methods often involve significant fluoroscopy and surgical invasiveness.
Minimally invasive techniques are sought to improve patient outcomes and procedural safety.

Observation:

A novel subxiphoid video pericardioscopy approach was developed.
The FLEXview system, with its flexible navigation, was inserted via a small subxiphoid incision into the pericardial space.
A mapping catheter was advanced through the FLEXview system's working port.

Findings:

Direct visualization of the epicardium was achieved with minimal fluoroscopy.
The entire biventricular epicardial surface was accessible for mapping.
The approach provided adequate visualization and access for electroanatomic mapping.

Implications:

This technique offers a less invasive alternative for epicardial mapping.
It may improve the safety and efficacy of procedures for cardiac arrhythmias.
Potential for wider adoption in electrophysiology and cardiac surgery settings.