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Related Concept Videos

Escape Velocity01:26

Escape Velocity

The escape velocity of an object is defined as the minimum initial velocity that it requires to escape the surface of another object to which it is gravitationally bound and never to return. For example, what would be the minimum velocity at which a satellite should be launched from the Earth's surface such that it just escapes the Earth's gravitational field?
To calculate the escape velocity, it is assumed that no energy is lost to any frictional forces. In practice, a satellite launched from...
Thermal Expansion01:22

Thermal Expansion

The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
Latitudes and Departures01:27

Latitudes and Departures

Latitudes and departures are essential concepts in surveying, providing a systematic way to analyze the projections of traverse lines. These projections allow surveyors to interpret a line's north-south and east-west components, which are crucial for precisely calculating areas, bearings, and lengths. Latitude is the north-south projection of a line, calculated as the product of the line's length and the cosine of its bearing. Departure, conversely, is the east-west projection obtained by...
Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55 °C.
Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to viscous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine
04:58

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine

Published on: August 13, 2019

Windscale and Kyshtym: a double anniversary.

Steve Jones1

  • 1Westlakes Scientific Consulting, Westlakes Science Park, Cumbria CA24 3LN, UK. steve.jones@westlakes.ac.uk

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
|November 27, 2007
PubMed
Summary

In 1957, the Kyshtym and Windscale nuclear accidents occurred. This review examines their causes, impacts, and lasting legacies for nuclear safety and radioecology.

Area of Science:

  • Radioecology
  • Nuclear Safety
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • The year 2007 marked the 50th anniversary of two significant nuclear incidents.
  • These events profoundly impacted the global nuclear industry and radioecology.
  • This article commemorates the anniversaries by reviewing historical nuclear accidents.

Observation:

  • The Kyshtym accident occurred in September 1957.
  • The Windscale accident occurred in October 1957.
  • Both incidents involved radioactive material releases.

Findings:

  • The review covers the causes leading to both accidents.
  • It details the radioactive releases associated with each event.
  • The immediate and long-term impacts on the environment and populations are analyzed.

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Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric

Published on: January 29, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine
04:58

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine

Published on: August 13, 2019

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron
09:41

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

Published on: June 9, 2016

Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric
07:48

Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric

Published on: January 29, 2020

Implications:

  • Understanding these past events is crucial for current nuclear safety protocols.
  • The legacies of Kyshtym and Windscale continue to inform radioecological research.
  • Lessons learned inform nuclear waste management and emergency response planning.