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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments01:30

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over short distances...
Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
10:42

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh

Published on: May 3, 2019

Cesium optical atomic clock: an optical pulse that tells the time.

M Nakazawa, K Suzuki

    Optics Letters
    |November 28, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed a new cesium atomic clock using a fiber laser, achieving high frequency stability. This innovation enables precise timekeeping and global signal distribution via optical networks.

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    Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
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    Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

    Published on: May 29, 2018

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    Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

    Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
    10:42

    Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh

    Published on: May 3, 2019

    Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
    10:35

    Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

    Published on: May 29, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic Physics and Metrology
    • Laser Technology and Photonics
    • Quantum Technologies

    Background:

    • Traditional atomic clocks rely on quartz oscillators and multiplexers for microwave generation.
    • Cesium atomic clocks are fundamental standards for timekeeping, requiring stable microwave sources.
    • Existing technologies face limitations in stability and signal distribution.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel cesium atomic clock design utilizing a fiber laser as the microwave source.
    • To enhance frequency stability and explore new methods for time signal distribution.
    • To leverage the capabilities of mode-locked lasers for advanced metrology applications.

    Main Methods:

    • A 9.1926-GHz harmonically and regeneratively mode-locked erbium fiber laser was employed as the microwave source.
    • The laser's repetition rate was directly locked to the cesium resonance frequency.
    • Frequency stability was assessed using Allan variance analysis.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed atomic clock achieved a frequency stability of 7.1 x 10(-12) at an averaging time of 1 second.
    • The system provides a precise 1-second time standard after demultiplexing.
    • An optical pulse train with equivalent stability was generated.

    Conclusions:

    • The fiber laser-based cesium atomic clock offers superior performance compared to traditional designs.
    • The ultrastable optical pulse train can be distributed globally through existing optical fiber networks.
    • This technology paves the way for enhanced global time synchronization and advanced photonic applications.