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Related Concept Videos

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

12.0K
Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
12.0K
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene01:17

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

8.6K
The electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides such as HBr to alkenes and nonconjugated dienes gives a single product as per Markovnikov’s rule.
8.6K
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene01:14

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

3.6K
Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.
3.6K
Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

4.0K
The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
4.0K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

18.2K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
18.2K
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

21.7K
Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...
21.7K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Single Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy: From Sample to Structure
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Single Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy: From Sample to Structure

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Structure of 1,3-dinitronaphthalene.

H L Ammon1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 20742.

Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Crystal Structure Communications
|October 15, 1991
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a naphthalene derivative, revealing a planar naphthalene ring. The nitro group

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Naphthalene derivatives are important in various chemical applications.
  • Understanding the precise molecular geometry is crucial for predicting chemical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the crystal structure of the compound C10H6N2O4.
  • To analyze the planarity of the naphthalene ring and the orientation of the nitro group.

Main Methods:

  • Single crystal X-ray diffraction was employed.
  • The crystal structure was solved and refined using 1213 reflections.

Main Results:

  • The compound crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1.
  • The naphthalene ring is planar, with typical C-C bond length alternations.
  • The nitro group at the C1 position is twisted out of the ring plane by approximately 37 degrees.

Conclusions:

  • The determined crystal structure provides precise geometric information.
  • The observed nitro group twist is attributed to relieving non-bonded interactions.