Neuromodulation techniques: a comparison of available and new therapies

Neuromodulation has become ever more common in the fields of urology and voiding dysfunction. Many therapeutic alternatives have emerged to increase effectiveness of these therapies and reduce morbidity and invasiveness. Each new modality needs to prove its efficacy in common indications for voiding dysfunction such as refractory urgency-frequency, urge incontinence, and perhaps urinary retention, as well as in select patient populations and subgroups. We need more information to broaden the applicability of neuromodulation to larger numbers of patients and conditions.