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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
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Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

A Rat Model of Mild Intrauterine Hypoperfusion with Microcoil Stenosis
06:19

A Rat Model of Mild Intrauterine Hypoperfusion with Microcoil Stenosis

Published on: January 7, 2018

Risk factors for small for gestational age.

Hiroko Tsukamoto1, Hideoki Fukuoka, Mieko Koyasu

  • 1Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Institute of International Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society
|November 30, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Maternal smoking, low prepregnancy BMI, and inadequate weight gain increase the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. Optimal weight gain and higher BMI are protective factors against SGA births.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Neonatal Health
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants are a significant concern in neonatal health.
  • Identifying risk factors for SGA is crucial for improving infant outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the risk factors associated with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants born at full term in Japan.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective study involving 2972 mothers and their infants from singleton pregnancies.
  • Data collected from four hospitals and clinics in the Tokyo metropolitan area between 2002 and 2003.

Main Results:

  • 8.4% of infants were SGA. Heavy maternal smoking (>10 cigarettes/day) was linked to a higher SGA incidence (13.7%).
  • Lower prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) was associated with increased SGA risk (OR, 0.89).
  • Maternal weight gain < 8.0 kg increased SGA risk (OR, 1.79), while gain >12 kg decreased it (OR, 0.49).

Conclusions:

  • Low prepregnancy BMI, insufficient maternal weight gain, and smoking during pregnancy are detrimental to fetal growth.
  • These factors significantly influence the incidence of small-for-gestational-age infants.