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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow
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Stem cells on patrol.

Robert S Welner1, Paul W Kincade

  • 1Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.

Cell
|November 30, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) travel through the lymphatic system, not just bone marrow and blood. This migration aids in recognizing pathogens and generating innate immune cells locally.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hematology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are traditionally known to reside in bone marrow and circulate in peripheral blood.
  • The precise migratory pathways and surveillance functions of HSCs in peripheral tissues remain incompletely understood.

Discussion:

  • Massberg et al. (2007) demonstrate that HSCs migrate through the lymphatic system, extending their known anatomical distribution.
  • HSCs express Toll-like receptors (TLRs), enabling them to detect pathogenic molecules in peripheral tissues.

Key Insights:

  • HSC migration into lymphatic vessels facilitates immune surveillance beyond the bone marrow and blood.
  • TLR expression on migrating HSCs allows for the recognition of danger signals at sites of infection.
  • This recognition process promotes the local generation of innate immune cells, enhancing the immediate host defense response.

Outlook:

  • Further research into HSC lymphatic trafficking could reveal novel therapeutic targets for immune disorders.
  • Understanding HSC-mediated innate immune cell generation may lead to new strategies for infectious disease treatment.
  • Investigating the role of TLRs on HSCs could uncover new mechanisms of immune system regulation.