Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
Several distinctive characteristics distinguish glutathione conjugation from other phase II...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Electrocorticographic, astrocytic and transcriptomic signatures in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease submitted to stearoyl-CoA desaturase inhibition.

Neuropharmacology·2026
Same author

Revisiting brain gene expression changes and protein modifications tracking homeostatic sleep pressure.

Npj biological timing and sleep·2025
Same author

Study of the potential for <i>Streptomyces coelicolor</i> to produce bioactive compounds from flower waste as a sustainable feedstock.

Sustainable chemistry for climate action..·2025
Same author

Lactose intolerance or gastrointestinal adverse drug effect? guidance for oncology pharmacists.

Journal of oncology pharmacy practice : official publication of the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners·2025
Same author

The absence of Neuroligin-1 shapes wake/sleep architecture, rhythmic and arrhythmic activities of the electrocorticogram in female mice.

Molecular brain·2025
Same author

Reasons for 90-day emergency department visits after primary knee arthroplasty.

Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer
07:34

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Published on: July 19, 2014

Interaction between mercaptopurine and milk.

Mário L de Lemos1, Linda Hamata, Sarah Jennings

  • 1Provincial Systemic Therapy Program, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada. mdelemos@bccancer.bc.ca

Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice : Official Publication of the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners
|November 30, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Concurrent intake of cow's milk may reduce mercaptopurine bioavailability due to xanthine oxidase (XO). Patients should separate mercaptopurine medication and milk consumption for optimal treatment effectiveness.

More Related Videos

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation
09:02

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation

Published on: February 15, 2018

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
04:16

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings

Published on: February 7, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer
07:34

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Published on: July 19, 2014

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation
09:02

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation

Published on: February 15, 2018

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
04:16

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings

Published on: February 7, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Biochemistry
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Mercaptopurine is a purine analog crucial for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemias.
  • Xanthine oxidase (XO) inactivates mercaptopurine, potentially affecting its therapeutic efficacy.
  • Cow's milk is a significant dietary source of XO.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential interaction between cow's milk and mercaptopurine bioavailability.
  • To assess the clinical significance of concurrent mercaptopurine and milk intake.

Main Methods:

  • Review of in vitro and in vivo data regarding mercaptopurine metabolism.
  • Analysis of xanthine oxidase content in cow's milk.
  • Evaluation of pharmacokinetic data on mercaptopurine bioavailability.

Main Results:

  • Cow's milk contains high levels of xanthine oxidase.
  • Concurrent intake of cow's milk demonstrated a reduction in mercaptopurine bioavailability in vitro and in vivo.
  • The interaction between mercaptopurine and cow's milk is potentially clinically significant.

Conclusions:

  • Concurrent consumption of cow's milk may significantly reduce mercaptopurine bioavailability.
  • Patients undergoing mercaptopurine therapy should consider separating the timing of medication intake and milk consumption.
  • This recommendation aims to optimize mercaptopurine's therapeutic effect in leukemia treatment.