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Related Concept Videos

Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles, which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home
02:28

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home

Published on: March 1, 2024

Explaining phenotype heterogeneity in patients with psoriasis.

E Christophers1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Schleswig-Holstein University Clinic, Kiel, Germany. echristophers@dermatology.uni-kiel.de

The British Journal of Dermatology
|December 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Psoriasis phenotypes can change, such as plaque-type becoming pustular. This shift is explained by changes in immune responses, moving from T cell issues to innate signaling-driven inflammation involving various agents.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home
02:28

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home

Published on: March 1, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Psoriasis presents with diverse phenotypes.
  • Morphology and disease course can change, e.g., plaque psoriasis to pustular psoriasis.
  • Phenotype switching is a complex aspect of psoriasis progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the immunopathological mechanisms behind psoriasis phenotype switching.
  • To elucidate the role of immune signaling pathways in disease transformation.
  • To understand the causative agents involved in psoriasis morphology changes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current immunopathology insights.
  • Analysis of T cell-mediated versus innate signaling pathways.
  • Examination of factors driving inflammatory patterns.

Main Results:

  • Phenotype switching involves a directional shift from T cell-mediated pathology.
  • The transition is driven by innate signaling pathways.
  • Multiple causative agents, not a single antigen, are implicated.

Conclusions:

  • Psoriasis phenotype switching is an immunologically driven process.
  • Understanding these shifts aids in targeted therapeutic strategies.
  • Innate signaling plays a crucial role in psoriasis transformation.