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Related Concept Videos

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
Management of Insomnia01:19

Management of Insomnia

The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...
CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines01:14

CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents
08:38

Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents

Published on: September 1, 2011

Reduced prepulse inhibition is associated with increased hypnotizability.

Pesach Lichtenberg1, Ehud Even-Or, Gali Bar

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Ezrath Nashim-Herzog Memorial Hospital, and Hadassah Medical School of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. licht@cc.huji.ac.il

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
|December 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Hypnotizability, the ability to be hypnotized, may be negatively correlated with unconscious information processing, measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex. Lower hypnotizability was linked to greater PPI in healthy adults.

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Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation
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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents
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Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation
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Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation

Published on: January 5, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Hypnosis is linked to conscious attention control.
  • Prepulse inhibition (PPI) assesses unconscious sensory gating.
  • Understanding the neural basis of hypnotizability is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between hypnotizability and unconscious information processing using PPI.
  • To determine if hypnotizability correlates with the startle reflex's inhibition.
  • To explore the role of dopaminergic mechanisms in hypnotizability.

Main Methods:

  • Forty-eight healthy subjects were assessed for hypnotizability using the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS:C).
  • Acoustic prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex was measured.
  • Subjects were categorized into low, medium, and high hypnotizability groups.

Main Results:

  • The low-hypnotizable group exhibited significantly higher startle response inhibition at 60 ms and 120 ms lead intervals compared to medium and high groups.
  • A negative correlation between hypnotizability and PPI was observed.
  • Findings suggest a potential link between dopaminergic neurotransmission and hypnotizability levels.

Conclusions:

  • Hypnotizability and prepulse inhibition (PPI) appear to be negatively correlated.
  • This suggests differences in unconscious information processing between individuals with varying hypnotizability.
  • The results support the involvement of dopaminergic pathways in determining hypnotizability.