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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

High-resolution Doppler-free molecular spectroscopy with a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator.

E V Kovalchuk, D Dekorsy, A I Lvovsky

    Optics Letters
    |December 1, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a stable, narrow-linewidth continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator (OPO) for high-resolution spectroscopy. This device enables precise wavelength tuning for detailed molecular analysis, demonstrated via methane spectroscopy.

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    Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
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    Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

    Published on: August 6, 2018

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    Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
    09:23

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

    Published on: May 30, 2014

    Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
    08:22

    Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

    Published on: August 6, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Spectroscopy
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • High-resolution spectroscopy requires stable, tunable laser sources.
    • Optical Parametric Oscillators (OPOs) offer broad tunability but often lack narrow linewidths.
    • Achieving narrow linewidths in continuous-wave (CW) OPOs is crucial for precision measurements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a reliable, narrow-linewidth CW optical parametric oscillator (OPO).
    • To enable high-resolution spectroscopic applications through precise wavelength control.
    • To demonstrate the OPO's capability using Doppler-free spectroscopy of methane.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a singly resonant OPO configuration with a resonated pump.
    • Employed a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal as the nonlinear medium.
    • Integrated a specially designed intracavity etalon for precise wavelength tuning across a wide range.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a narrow linewidth of 100 kHz for the CW OPO.
    • Demonstrated precise and wide-range wavelength tunability using the intracavity etalon.
    • Successfully performed Doppler-free spectroscopy of a methane rovibrational transition at 3.39 µm.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed OPO is a reliable tool for high-resolution spectroscopy.
    • The intracavity etalon design enables flexible and precise wavelength selection.
    • The OPO system is suitable for sensitive molecular spectroscopy applications.