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Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Raloxifene, soy phytoestrogens and endothelial function in postmenopausal women.

D L Katz¹, M A Evans, V Yanchou Njike

¹Yale Prevention Research Center, Derby, CT 06418, USA.

Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society

|December 1, 2007

Summary

Neither raloxifene nor soy phytoestrogens improved endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Further research is needed to identify subgroups that may benefit from these interventions.

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Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Health
Endocrinology
Women's Health

Background:

Endothelial dysfunction is a precursor to cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women.
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like raloxifene and soy phytoestrogens are investigated for potential vascular benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the effects of raloxifene and soy phytoestrogens on endothelial function in healthy, postmenopausal women.

Main Methods:

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial involving 22 healthy postmenopausal women.
Endothelial function was assessed using flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery via ultrasound.
Interventions included 6 weeks of daily raloxifene (60 mg), soy phytoestrogens (55 mg), or placebo, with 6-week wash-out periods.

Main Results:

Baseline flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) was within the normal range (9.6%).
No significant changes in FMD were observed from baseline within any treatment group.
No significant differences in FMD were detected between raloxifene, soy phytoestrogen, and placebo groups.

Conclusions:

Neither raloxifene nor soy phytoestrogens demonstrated a significant effect on endothelial function in this cohort of healthy postmenopausal women.
The study population had relatively normal baseline endothelial function, potentially limiting the detection of treatment effects.
Further investigation is warranted to explore potential benefits in specific postmenopausal subgroups and to elucidate the role of SERMs and soy phytoestrogens in vascular health.