Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological01:19

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological

Biological factors significantly impact drug metabolism, influencing drug clearance, efficacy, and potential toxicity.
Species differences: Variations in enzyme systems across species can cause disparities in drug metabolism. For instance, humans may metabolize certain drugs faster than rodents, altering therapeutic effects.
Strain differences: Genetic variations within a species can result in differing enzyme activity, impacting drug response and toxicity. For example, some mouse strains may...
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Physicochemical and Chemical Properties of Drugs01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Physicochemical and Chemical Properties of Drugs

A drug's physicochemical properties fundamentally influence its metabolism. For instance, a drug's molecular size and shape critically determine its interaction with enzymes and transporters — larger drugs may face difficulty reaching enzyme active sites, altering their metabolic pathways. The pKa of a drug, which establishes its ionization state, can impact its solubility and absorption, thereby influencing metabolism.
The drug's acidity or basicity is essential in determining the metabolic...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Infection and Anemia: The Potential Role of Vitamin C and Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Interactions Between Plant-Derived Psychoactive Substances and <i>Escherichia coli</i>.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

The relationship of temperamental, biochemical trait variables determining appetitive behaviour and alcohol-dependent individuals' health status and nutrition - preliminary study.

Postepy psychiatrii neurologii·2026
Same author

Sex Differences in Vitamin Metabolism and Their Role in Oxidative Stress Regulation and Cardiometabolic Health.

Nutrients·2025
Same author

Selected Protective Mechanisms of Human Milk Against Intestinal Protozoal Infections in Infants.

Current issues in molecular biology·2025
Same author

The Role of Oxidative Stress in Skin Disorders Associated with Alcohol Dependency and Antioxidant Therapies.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

[Xenobiotics influence on estrogen activity].

Anna Długosz1, Anna Stokłosa, Agnieszka Kłodnicka

  • 1Katedra i Zakład Toksykologii Akademii Medycznej we Wrocławiu. adltox@ak.am.wroc.pl

Ginekologia Polska
|December 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Environmental estrogens, including phytoestrogens and synthetic xenoestrogens, can disrupt hormonal balance. This review examines how external factors impact estrogen activity and health, highlighting risks like tumors.

More Related Videos

Prospecting Microbial Strains for Bioremediation and Probiotics Development for Metaorganism Research and Preservation
09:49

Prospecting Microbial Strains for Bioremediation and Probiotics Development for Metaorganism Research and Preservation

Published on: October 31, 2019

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
10:51

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

Published on: November 15, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Prospecting Microbial Strains for Bioremediation and Probiotics Development for Metaorganism Research and Preservation
09:49

Prospecting Microbial Strains for Bioremediation and Probiotics Development for Metaorganism Research and Preservation

Published on: October 31, 2019

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
10:51

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

Published on: November 15, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology

Context:

  • Environmental exposure to estrogenic compounds is widespread, encompassing natural phytoestrogens and synthetic xenoestrogens.
  • These compounds can interfere with endogenous estrogen metabolism and activity through enzyme induction or inhibition.
  • The presence of estrogenic compounds in cosmetics and other products warrants attention due to their high biological activity.

Purpose:

  • To review existing studies on the influence of exogenous factors on estrogen activity.
  • To summarize the current understanding of how environmental chemicals interact with estrogen pathways.
  • To highlight the health implications of disrupted hormonal balance due to environmental estrogens.

Summary:

  • Exogenous substances like phytoestrogens, xenoestrogens, and metaloestrogens mimic estrogen effects in the environment.
  • Xenobiotics can alter estrogen metabolism by acting as enzyme inducers or inhibitors.
  • Known impacts include reduced estrogen effects in female smokers and diminished efficacy of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) in this group, alongside estrogen's influence on dioxin toxicity.

Impact:

  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for assessing health risks associated with environmental estrogens.
  • Potential health consequences of hormonal imbalance include an increased risk of tumors.
  • This research underscores the importance of evaluating estrogenic compounds in consumer products like cosmetics.