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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Mechanical Characteristics of Steel01:18

Mechanical Characteristics of Steel

The mechanical characteristics of steel are assessed through various tests that evaluate its strength, toughness, and flexibility. These tests include tension, torsion, impact, bending, and hardness assessments, each providing crucial information about steel's suitability for specific applications.
The tension test is fundamental for determining tensile strength. In this test, a steel specimen is stretched using a gripping device until it breaks. The data collected during this test are used to...
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress01:25

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress

In designing structural elements and machine parts using ductile materials, it is crucial to ensure that these components withstand applied stresses without yielding. Yielding is initially determined through a tensile test, which evaluates the material's response to uniaxial stress. However, tensile stress is insufficient when components face biaxial or plane stress conditions This condition requires advanced criteria to predict failure.
The Maximum Shearing Stress Criterion, also known as the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys
12:18

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Published on: June 27, 2022

Functionally graded Co-Cr-Mo coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy structures.

B Vamsi Krishna1, Weichang Xue, Susmita Bose

  • 1W.M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920, USA.

Acta Biomaterialia
|December 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Laser Engineering Net Shaping (LENS) created hard, wear-resistant Co-Cr-Mo coatings on Ti-6Al-4V alloy. While increasing Co-Cr-Mo content reduced cell numbers, graded coatings show promise for prosthetic devices.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys
12:18

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Published on: June 27, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Orthopedic Implants

Background:

  • Total joint replacements often fail due to wear debris and loosening.
  • Titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) are common implant materials but lack sufficient wear resistance.
  • Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) alloys offer superior hardness and wear resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop functionally graded Co-Cr-Mo coatings on Ti-6Al-4V using Laser Engineering Net Shaping (LENS).
  • To evaluate the interface integrity, hardness, and in vitro biocompatibility of these graded coatings.
  • To assess the potential of LENS-fabricated graded structures for prosthetic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Laser Engineering Net Shaping (LENS) was employed to deposit Co-Cr-Mo onto Ti-6Al-4V substrates.
  • Processing parameters were optimized to achieve crack-free, graded compositions.
  • Surface hardness was measured, and the interface microstructure was analyzed.
  • In vitro biocompatibility was assessed by culturing human osteoblast cells on the coated surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Metallurgically sound interfaces were achieved with significantly increased surface hardness.
  • Crack-free coatings with up to 86% Co-Cr-Mo were reproducibly fabricated.
  • Increasing Co-Cr-Mo content reduced live cell numbers compared to the base Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
  • However, graded coatings demonstrated better bone cell proliferation than pure Co-Cr-Mo.

Conclusions:

  • LENS is a viable technique for producing functionally graded Co-Cr-Mo coatings on Ti-6Al-4V.
  • Graded coatings enhance hardness and wear resistance while maintaining some biocompatibility.
  • Unitized structures fabricated with graded compositions could mitigate wear and loosening in metal-on-metal prosthetics.