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Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Mapping the Structure-Function Relationships of Disordered Oncogenic Transcription Factors Using Transcriptomic Analysis

Mapping the Structure-Function Relationships of Disordered Oncogenic Transcription Factors Using Transcriptomic Analysis

Published on: June 27, 2020

Are trefoil factors oncogenic?

Jo K Perry¹, Nagarajan Kannan, Prudence M Grandison

¹Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM

|December 7, 2007

Summary

Trefoil factors (TFFs) are key proteins involved in cell growth and motility. This review highlights their significant role in human cancer development and progression.

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Published on: December 31, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Mapping the Structure-Function Relationships of Disordered Oncogenic Transcription Factors Using Transcriptomic Analysis

Mapping the Structure-Function Relationships of Disordered Oncogenic Transcription Factors Using Transcriptomic Analysis

Published on: June 27, 2020

Analyzing Tumor Gene Expression Factors with the CorExplorer Web Portal

Analyzing Tumor Gene Expression Factors with the CorExplorer Web Portal

Published on: October 11, 2019

Focus Formation: A Cell-based Assay to Determine the Oncogenic Potential of a Gene

Focus Formation: A Cell-based Assay to Determine the Oncogenic Potential of a Gene

Published on: December 31, 2014

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Oncology
Endocrinology

Background:

Trefoil factors (TFFs), especially TFF1, are estrogen-regulated genes.
TFFs are also influenced by growth hormone, IGF-1, EGF, and oncogenic stimuli.
These secreted proteins act as growth factors, promoting cell survival and motility.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the involvement of Trefoil factors in human cancer.
To summarize current evidence on TFFs in oncogenic transformation and metastasis.

Main Methods:

Literature review of experimental and clinical studies.
Analysis of the role of TFFs in various human solid tumors.

Main Results:

TFFs play a pivotal role in oncogenic transformation.
Evidence indicates TFF involvement in tumor growth and metastatic extension.
TFFs are implicated in common human solid cancers.

Conclusions:

Trefoil factors are significantly involved in human cancer.
Further research into TFFs could offer new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.