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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: June 30, 2011

Inhaled insulin.

Sabine Arnolds¹, Tim Heise

¹Profil Institut für Stoffwechselforschung GmbH, Hellersbergstr. 9, D-41460 Neuss, Germany. sabine-arnolds@profil-research.de

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

|December 7, 2007

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Inhaled insulin offers rapid action for post-meal glucose control and comparable efficacy to subcutaneous insulin. Further research is needed to improve its bioavailability and reduce costs for wider diabetes treatment accessibility.

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Published on: November 16, 2011

Area of Science:

Pharmacology
Endocrinology
Respiratory Medicine

Background:

Inhaled insulin presents unique pharmacodynamic properties, including rapid onset, potentially improving postprandial glucose control.
Clinical comparisons indicate inhaled insulin's efficacy is comparable to regular subcutaneous (sc) insulin, though it may result in lower fasting blood glucose levels.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction of inhaled insulin compared to subcutaneous insulin.
To identify challenges and areas for improvement in inhaled insulin therapy, particularly regarding bioavailability and cost.

Main Methods:

Clinical studies comparing inhaled insulin with regular subcutaneous insulin.
Assessment of lung function parameters and insulin antibodies.
Evaluation of treatment satisfaction through open-label studies.

Main Results:

Inhaled insulin demonstrated comparable clinical efficacy to subcutaneous insulin.
Adverse effects included minor, reversible lung function changes and increased insulin antibodies, without clinical implications.
Open-label studies showed higher treatment satisfaction with inhaled insulin, suggesting potential for improved therapy initiation.

Conclusions:

Inhaled insulin is safe and well-tolerated, offering comparable efficacy to subcutaneous insulin.
Higher patient satisfaction indicates potential to overcome barriers in initiating insulin therapy.
Low bioavailability (8-15%) necessitates further research to optimize delivery and reduce costs, enhancing its role as an alternative to subcutaneous insulin, especially for initiating or intensifying therapy.