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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

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A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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Activity-dependent plasticity in an olfactory circuit.

Silke Sachse1, Erroll Rueckert, Andreas Keller

  • 1Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 63, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Neuron
|December 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Prolonged carbon dioxide (CO2) exposure caused reversible changes in the Drosophila olfactory system. Specific neurons adjusted their responses, suggesting activity-dependent plasticity in olfactory circuits.

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In Vivo Imaging of Neural Activity in Unanesthetized Drosophila Adult Flies
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Published on: June 20, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory system research
  • Animal behavior

Background:

  • The primary olfactory circuit in Drosophila is genetically hard-wired.
  • Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) form stereotyped structures called glomeruli.
  • The function of individual glomeruli in response to stimuli is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate stimulus-evoked plasticity within individual olfactory glomeruli.
  • To examine the carbon dioxide (CO2) circuit in Drosophila as a model system.
  • To determine if the olfactory system exhibits activity-dependent functional plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two-photon imaging to observe neural activity and structure.
  • Focused on the specialized carbon dioxide (CO2) olfactory circuit in Drosophila.
  • Measured changes in glomerulus volume, neuron morphology and function, and behavioral responses.

Main Results:

  • Prolonged CO2 exposure led to a reversible volume increase in the CO2-specific glomerulus.
  • Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) showed no significant changes in morphology or function.
  • Inhibitory local interneurons exhibited increased responses to CO2, while projection neuron output decreased.
  • Behavioral responses to CO2 were reduced following exposure.

Conclusions:

  • The Drosophila olfactory system demonstrates activity-dependent functional plasticity.
  • Plasticity in the CO2 circuit involves altered interneuron and projection neuron activity.
  • Functional plasticity may be a general characteristic of the Drosophila olfactory system.