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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone
06:53

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Published on: September 9, 2020

Chordoma: the nonsarcoma primary bone tumor.

Rashmi Chugh1, Hussein Tawbi, David R Lucas

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, A3400, P.O. Box 483, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, USA.

The Oncologist
|December 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Chordomas are rare bone tumors arising from notochord remnants, often found in the skull base or sacrum. Aggressive initial treatment and salvage therapies like radiation can improve outcomes for patients with chordoma recurrence.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone
06:53

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Published on: September 9, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Orthopedic Oncology
  • Bone Neoplasms

Background:

  • Chordomas are rare, slow-growing, locally aggressive bone neoplasms.
  • They originate from embryonic notochord remnants and typically affect the axial skeleton.
  • Common sites include the sacrococcygeal region, skull base (spheno-occipital), and vertebral column.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of chordoma characteristics, classification, and treatment strategies.
  • To highlight the importance of aggressive initial therapy for improving outcomes.
  • To discuss salvage options for locally recurrent chordomas.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on chordoma epidemiology, pathology, and treatment.
  • Classification of chordomas into conventional, chondroid, and dedifferentiated types.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes, including surgery, radiation, and salvage therapy.

Main Results:

  • Chordomas are classified into conventional (most common), chondroid (5-15% of all, up to 33% cranial), and dedifferentiated (2-8%) types.
  • Conventional chordomas lack cartilaginous or mesenchymal components.
  • Chondroid chordomas exhibit both chordomatous and chondromatous features, with a predilection for the skull base.
  • Dedifferentiation can occur at any stage, impacting prognosis.
  • Aggressive initial therapy is linked to better overall outcomes.
  • Salvage therapy, including subtotal resection and radiation, can stabilize or improve the status of up to 50% of patients with local recurrence.
  • Proton beam irradiation showed a 2-year local control rate of 33% in one series.

Conclusions:

  • Chordoma treatment requires an aggressive initial approach.
  • Salvage therapies, including radiation and surgery, offer potential benefits for recurrent disease.
  • Proton beam radiation is a viable option for local control in recurrent chordomas.