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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Quantifying Heat02:46

Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the atoms and...
Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units and sand dry and...
Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...

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A simple heat alert system for Melbourne, Australia.

Neville Nicholls1, Carol Skinner, Margaret Loughnan

  • 1Monash Climate, School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. Neville.Nicholls@arts.monash.edu.au

International Journal of Biometeorology
|December 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A simple heat alert system for Melbourne uses predicted daily temperatures. Mean daily temperatures above 30°C or minimums above 24°C significantly increase mortality in older adults.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Public Health
  • Meteorology

Background:

  • Heat waves pose a significant public health risk, particularly to vulnerable populations.
  • Effective heat alert systems are crucial for mitigating heat-related mortality.
  • Melbourne, Australia, experiences periods of significant heat, necessitating localized public health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simple heat alert system for Melbourne based on predicted daily temperature variables.
  • To identify specific temperature thresholds linked to increased mortality in older adults (65+ years).
  • To evaluate the feasibility of using widely available weather forecast data for heat-health warnings.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of historical temperature data and mortality records for Melbourne.
  • Statistical examination of the relationship between daily temperature metrics (maximum, minimum, mean) and excess mortality in individuals aged 65 and over.
  • Identification of temperature thresholds associated with statistically significant increases in daily mortality.

Main Results:

  • A mean daily temperature exceeding 30°C (average of daily maximum and nightly minimum) was associated with a 15-17% increase in mortality for those aged 65+.
  • A daily minimum temperature exceeding 24°C was linked to a 19-21% increase in mortality for the same age group.
  • Daily maximum temperatures alone did not show a strong correlation with excess heat-related deaths, likely due to rapid temperature drops from cool changes.

Conclusions:

  • A feasible heat alert system for Melbourne can be based on predicted mean daily or minimum daily temperatures.
  • Even a single day exceeding critical temperature thresholds can trigger increased mortality, not requiring prolonged heat waves.
  • The observed increase in mortality does not appear to be due to a short-term advancement of death, suggesting a direct impact of heat.