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Adhesion

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow glass...

Surface Appendages of Archaea

Surface Appendages of Archaea

Archaeal surface appendages are highly specialized structures essential for environmental adaptation, encompassing roles in adhesion, biofilm formation, and motility. Among these appendages, pili and archaella stand out for their distinct morphologies and functionalities, enabling archaea to thrive in diverse and often extreme environments.Pili: Adhesion and Biofilm FormationPili are filamentous structures assembled from pilin protein subunits, primarily contributing to adhesion and biofilm...

Cell Adhesion in Plants

Cell Adhesion in Plants

Plants have rigid cell walls that are made up of cell wall polysaccharides that mediate cell-cell adhesion. The primary cell walls of plants consist of two independent and interacting polysaccharide networks: a pectin matrix that embeds the second network comprising cellulose and hemicelluloses.
Pectins are complex heteropolymers mainly composed of negatively-charged α-D-glucopyranosyl uronic acid and some neutral glycosyl residues such as α-L-rhamnopyranose, α-L-arabinofuranose, and...

Anchoring Junctions

Anchoring Junctions

Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...

Types of Membrane Protrusions

Types of Membrane Protrusions

The protrusion of the cell surface is an initial step for several cellular processes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth. These membrane protrusions are a result of cytoskeletal rearrangement. The most widely observed cell protrusions include lamellipodia, pseudopodia, filopodia, microvilli, invadopodia, and podosomes. These protrusions can be of two types — static or dynamic.
The microvilli, an example of stable protrusions, are finger-like projections with a...

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

Published on: August 8, 2018

Barnacle reattachment: a tool for studying barnacle adhesion.

D Rittschof¹, B Orihuela, S Stafslien

¹Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA. ritt@duke.edu

|December 7, 2007

Summary

A new method reattaches barnacles for accurate adhesion strength testing. This technique improves fouling-release coating evaluation, enabling precise measurements and efficient screening of new materials.

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Bead Aggregation Assays for the Characterization of Putative Cell Adhesion Molecules

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

Published on: August 8, 2018

Dissection of Organizer and Animal Pole Explants from Xenopus laevis Embryos and Assembly of a Cell Adhesion Assay

Dissection of Organizer and Animal Pole Explants from Xenopus laevis Embryos and Assembly of a Cell Adhesion Assay

Published on: April 29, 2007

Bead Aggregation Assays for the Characterization of Putative Cell Adhesion Molecules

Bead Aggregation Assays for the Characterization of Putative Cell Adhesion Molecules

Published on: October 17, 2014

Area of Science:

Marine Biology
Materials Science
Surface Chemistry

Background:

Standard methods for measuring fouling organism adhesion strength rely on field or lab-grown organisms, which are subject to environmental variability.
These conventional approaches face challenges due to unpredictable larval supply, settlement, predation, and environmental disturbances.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and validate a novel barnacle reattachment method for precise adhesion strength measurements.
To assess the efficacy of this reattachment method in evaluating fouling-release coatings.

Main Methods:

Barnacles were reattached to experimental surfaces, allowing for controlled orientation and precise measurement of adhesion strength.
Adhesion strength was measured on silicone substrata and compared to standard methods.
The reattachment assay results were correlated with field tests of polysiloxane fouling-release coatings.

Main Results:

Adhesion strength measurements using the reattachment method on silicone substrata after 2 weeks were comparable to standard methods.
Hydrophilic surfaces required a reattachment period of 2-4 weeks for accurate measurements.
A strong positive correlation (r = 0.89) was observed between barnacle reattachment assay results and field testing of fouling-release coatings.

Conclusions:

The barnacle reattachment method provides a reliable and precise alternative for measuring adhesion strength, overcoming limitations of standard techniques.
This method facilitates the use of smaller surfaces, automation, and efficient down-selection of coatings from combinatorial libraries for definitive field testing.
The reattachment technique is compatible with coatings incorporating both antifouling and fouling-release properties.