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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Thyroglobulin and human thyroid cancer.

Jen-Der Lin1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan Hsien, Taiwan, ROC. einjd@adm.cgmh.org.tw

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
|December 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is crucial for thyroid hormone production. Mutations cause congenital hypothyroidism, while Tg levels aid in diagnosing and monitoring thyroid cancer prognosis and recurrence.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a key protein in thyroid hormone synthesis, regulated by TTF-1 and Pax-8.
  • It is stored in thyroid follicles and released upon TSH stimulation, then degraded to release T3 and T4.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted roles of thyroglobulin in thyroid function and disease.
  • To highlight the diagnostic and prognostic significance of Tg detection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thyroglobulin structure, function, and genetic regulation.
  • Analysis of the clinical implications of Tg mutations and Tg levels in thyroid disorders.

Main Results:

  • Tg gene mutations lead to congenital hypothyroidism.
  • Elevated post-thyroidectomy Tg levels correlate with thyroid carcinoma recurrence and metastasis.
  • Tg detection is vital for identifying thyroid tissue origin and patient follow-up.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroglobulin plays a critical role in thyroid hormone synthesis and is implicated in congenital hypothyroidism.
  • Tg serves as a significant biomarker for thyroid cancer prognosis and recurrence monitoring.
  • Biochemical and molecular detection of Tg is essential for thyroid diagnostics and patient management.