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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Information Processing Approach

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Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

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Michael J Manos1, Catherine Tom-Revzon, Oscar G Bukstein

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This summary is machine-generated.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment has evolved with new extended-release formulations and non-stimulant options. Evidence-based algorithms like the Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project (CMAP) improve outcomes by guiding individualized pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions.

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Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) significantly impacts individuals of all ages, with potential lifelong consequences if untreated.
  • Established treatments include pharmacologic, behavioral, and psychosocial interventions, with stimulants forming the cornerstone of therapy for over 50 years.
  • Recent advancements include extended-release (XR/ER) and longer-acting (LA) stimulant formulations, offering more individualized treatment choices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the psychological aspects of attention, ADHD-related neurotransmitter pathways, and current therapeutic options, including novel agents.
  • To discuss potential psychiatric and cardiovascular side effects of stimulants, as well as abuse liability and comorbidities.
  • To examine the development and application of the Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project (CMAP) for ADHD treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of psychological components, neurotransmitter pathways, and therapeutic interventions for ADHD.
  • Analysis of stimulant side effects, abuse potential, and comorbidities.
  • Evaluation of the evidence-based Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project (CMAP) for clinical implementation.

Main Results:

  • ADHD pathophysiology involves fronto-subcortical network dysfunction and dysregulated neurotransmitter systems (dopaminergic, noradrenergic, nicotinic).
  • Stimulant and non-stimulant treatments are effective, with specific agent efficacy linked to neurotransmitter involvement.
  • Extended-release formulations have reduced concerns regarding stimulant abuse liability.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal ADHD pharmacotherapy involves a combination of stimulants and non-stimulants, with newer formulations offering expanded treatment options.
  • Evidence-based algorithms, such as CMAP, enhance medication outcomes through structured clinical decision-making.
  • Successful ADHD management requires thorough assessment, appropriate pharmacotherapy, dose titration, sustained-release products, and integrated psychosocial interventions.