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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...

Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...

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Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation Using Cancer Cell Lines

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Published on: March 17, 2023

Angiosperm mitochondrial genomes and mutations.

Tomohiko Kubo¹, Kathleen J Newton

¹Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N-9, W-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.

|December 11, 2007

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Flowering plants have the largest mitochondrial genomes. Their intergenic regions are highly variable, and their genomes frequently rearrange, influenced by nuclear genes.

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Area of Science:

Plant genomics
Molecular biology
Evolutionary biology

Background:

Angiosperm mitochondrial genomes are the largest known.
Comparative analysis is feasible with 15 sequenced genomes from 7 species.
Mitochondrial genome organization and stability are complex.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comparative genomic overview of angiosperm mitochondrial genomes.
To review angiosperm mitochondrial mutants from a genomic perspective.
To discuss the origins and mechanisms of mitochondrial genome instability.

Main Methods:

Comparative genomics of 15 angiosperm mitochondrial genomes.
Literature review of mitochondrial mutants in angiosperms.
Genomic analysis of nuclear gene involvement in mitochondrial genome stability.

Main Results:

Angiosperm mitochondrial genomes exhibit significant gene content variability.
Intergenic regions are highly fluid and species-specific.
Remarkable genome rearrangement occurs even within species.
Nuclear genes play a role in mitochondrial genome stability.

Conclusions:

Angiosperm mitochondrial genomes are characterized by fluidity and extensive rearrangement.
Mitochondrial mutants provide insights into genome stability mechanisms.
Nuclear-mitochondrial interactions are crucial for mitochondrial genome organization.