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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

The Parathyroid Glands

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Multimodal Bioluminescent and Positronic-emission Tomography/Computational Tomography Imaging of Multiple Myeloma Bone Marrow Xenografts in NOG Mice

Multimodal Bioluminescent and Positronic-emission Tomography/Computational Tomography Imaging of Multiple Myeloma Bone Marrow Xenografts in NOG Mice

Published on: January 7, 2019

[Hypercalcemia in myeloma].

¹Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medicine.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine

|December 12, 2007

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hypercalcemia, a serious myeloma complication, results from increased bone resorption. Early detection and bisphosphonate treatment are crucial for managing this life-threatening condition.

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Models of Bone Metastasis

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Multimodal Bioluminescent and Positronic-emission Tomography/Computational Tomography Imaging of Multiple Myeloma Bone Marrow Xenografts in NOG Mice

Multimodal Bioluminescent and Positronic-emission Tomography/Computational Tomography Imaging of Multiple Myeloma Bone Marrow Xenografts in NOG Mice

Published on: January 7, 2019

Models of Bone Metastasis

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

Area of Science:

Oncology
Nephrology
Endocrinology

Context:

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells.
Hypercalcemia is a frequent and serious complication in advanced myeloma.
Osteoclastic bone resorption significantly increases in myeloma.

Purpose:

To highlight the importance of early detection and treatment of hypercalcemia in myeloma.
To discuss the role of bisphosphonates in managing myeloma-related hypercalcemia.

Summary:

Hypercalcemia in advanced myeloma stems from heightened osteoclastic bone resorption.
It can rapidly lead to severe complications like renal failure and coma.
Bisphosphonates are effective treatments for myeloma-associated hypercalcemia.

Impact:

Early identification and management of hypercalcemia can prevent life-threatening outcomes.
Bisphosphonates represent a key therapeutic strategy for this myeloma complication.
Understanding the mechanisms of hypercalcemia aids in patient care and treatment strategies.