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Related Concept Videos

Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

Overview
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Transduction01:16

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes
08:12

Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes

Published on: November 1, 2011

[Vertebrate immunity: mutator proteins and their evolution].

A G Lada, L M Iyer, I B Rogozin

    Genetika
    |December 12, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Error-prone DNA repair mechanisms, involving Y-family polymerases and AID/APOBEC deaminases, generate genetic diversity. This study identifies a new bacterial member, APOBEC5, highlighting the ancient role of these enzymes in evolution and immunity.

    More Related Videos

    Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
    09:35

    Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches

    Published on: April 20, 2021

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

    Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes
    08:12

    Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes

    Published on: November 1, 2011

    Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
    09:35

    Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches

    Published on: April 20, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Error-prone DNA repair mechanisms contribute to cellular mutations.
    • Y-family DNA polymerases and Activation-Induced Deaminase (AID) are key players in mutagenesis.
    • AID/APOBEC deaminases are involved in immune system gene diversification.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify and characterize new members of the AID/APOBEC family.
    • To explore the evolutionary origins and functions of cytidine deaminases.
    • To understand the role of these enzymes in generating genetic diversity.

    Main Methods:

    • Bioinformatic analysis to identify novel AID/APOBEC family members.
    • Sequence analysis and comparison of identified enzymes.
    • Literature review of known mutagenesis and immune gene diversification mechanisms.

    Main Results:

    • A new AID/APOBEC family member, APOBEC5, was identified in the bacterium *Xanthomonas oryzae*.
    • The widespread distribution of RNA/DNA editing deaminases suggests an ancient origin.
    • These enzymes play critical roles in both evolution and ontogeny, particularly in immune responses.

    Conclusions:

    • APOBEC5 represents a novel bacterial cytidine deaminase within the ancient AID/APOBEC family.
    • The findings underscore the ancient and conserved role of cytidine deaminases in generating genetic diversity across diverse organisms.
    • This discovery expands our understanding of the evolutionary landscape of DNA/RNA editing enzymes.