TLR9-mediated recognition of DNA
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo
Published on: September 18, 2014
Thomas Müller1, Svetlana Hamm, Stefan Bauer
1Institut fur Immunology, Philipps-Universitat marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Abstract:
The mammalian immune system senses pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and responds with activation. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family that consists of 13 receptors plays a critical role in this process. TLRmediated signaling activates immune cells and leads to an innate immune response with subsequent initiation of an adaptive immune response. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) leading to cellular activation and cytokine production influencing the immune response against viruses and bacteria. The stimulation of TLR9 will be exploited for adjuvant therapy and treatment of cancer or allergy. In this review we will discuss TLR9 ligands, TLR9 expression, signaling, and the therapeutic potential of TLR9 ligands in treatment of infectious or allergic diseases and cancer.
Related Concept Videos
Translesion DNA Polymerases
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
Homologous Recombination
LTR Retrotransposons
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
Bacterial Transcription
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
Bacterial RNA Polymerase
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...

