Quantitative aspects of cellular turnover

Living organisms do not just grow by synthesizing cellular components. As part of the necessary steps for existence, some components are degraded after synthesis. Even for bacteria in balanced, exponential growth some substances, under some conditions, are turned over. In other phases of growth turnover can be much more extensive, but it is still selective. This review covers studies with animals as a way to put the studies on microorganisms in perspective. The history, the mathematics, and experimental design of turnover experiments are reviewed. The important conclusion is that most of the proteins during balanced growth are very stable in bacteria, although ribosomal proteins are degraded under starvation conditions. Another generalization is that the process of wall enlargement in general is associated with obligatory turnover of the peptidoglycan.