Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Guidance on the clinical management of HIV-1 persistent low-level viraemia on antiretroviral treatment: a scoping review and an international Delphi consensus.

The lancet. HIV·2026
Same author

Understanding the clinical implications of the barrier against resistance in antiretroviral treatment.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2026
Same author

Immune correlates of HIV-1 rebound during broadly neutralizing antibody treatment in young children.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same author

Management of patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A real-world economic evaluation from the hospital perspective.

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists·2026
Same author

The effect of low-dose methotrexate on arterial inflammation in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial.

Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology·2025
Same author

Doravirine Resistance Patterns Identified Through Week 192 in the DRIVE-FORWARD and DRIVE-AHEAD Phase 3 Clinical Trials.

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings
19:57

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

Published on: March 30, 2014

HIV resistance: frequency, testing, mechanisms.

Daniel R Kuritzkes1

  • 1Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Topics in HIV Medicine : a Publication of the International AIDS Society, USA
|December 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Drug-resistant HIV rates in new patients have stabilized around 10%. Optimized antiretroviral therapy has reduced resistance emergence during long-term treatment, highlighting the importance of early resistance testing for HIV treatment success.

More Related Videos

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays
13:58

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Published on: September 26, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings
19:57

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

Published on: March 30, 2014

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays
13:58

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Published on: September 26, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Recent data indicate a plateau in drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among newly diagnosed individuals, estimated at approximately 10%.
  • There are indications of a declining rate of acquired HIV resistance during long-term therapy, attributed to optimized antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens.
  • Baseline resistance mutations are linked to a significantly higher risk of treatment failure, underscoring the critical role of initial resistance testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current trends in HIV drug resistance.
  • To discuss the implications of baseline resistance mutations on treatment outcomes.
  • To review the utility and limitations of genotypic and phenotypic resistance testing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent data on HIV resistance prevalence and emergence.
  • Analysis of the impact of baseline resistance mutations on treatment failure.
  • Comparison of genotypic and phenotypic resistance testing methods.
  • Emerging data on resistance patterns for novel antiretroviral drugs and classes.

Main Results:

  • HIV drug resistance prevalence in newly diagnosed patients appears to have stabilized around 10%.
  • Optimized antiretroviral therapy regimens correlate with decreased rates of emergent resistance during treatment.
  • Patients with pre-existing resistance mutations at baseline face a substantially elevated risk of treatment failure.
  • Both genotypic and phenotypic testing present distinct advantages and disadvantages for initial and follow-up resistance assessments.

Conclusions:

  • The stabilization of HIV drug resistance prevalence and reduced emergence rates with optimized ART are encouraging trends.
  • Initial resistance testing is crucial for predicting treatment outcomes and guiding therapy selection in HIV management.
  • Understanding resistance patterns, including those for new drugs, remains essential for effective long-term HIV care.