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Distributed Loads01:19

Distributed Loads

Distributed loads are a common type of load that engineers and scientists encounter in various practical situations. Distributed loads often refer to a type of load spread over a surface or a structure and can be modeled as continuous force per unit area.
For example, consider a bookshelf filled with books stacked vertically adjacent to each other. The weight of the books is evenly distributed over the length of the shelf. As a result, the pressure at different locations on the surface of the...
Ecological Disturbance02:26

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced change in an ecosystem. The impact of an ecological disturbance, which can depend on its intensity, frequency, and spatial distribution, plays a significant role in shaping the species diversity within the ecosystem.Ecological disturbances can be caused by an event as small as the trampling of underbrush to an incident as wide-ranging as a forest...
Freshwater Microbial Ecology01:24

Freshwater Microbial Ecology

Freshwater systems such as streams, rivers, and lakes exhibit distinct physical and biological characteristics that influence their microbial communities. These environments are broadly categorized into lotic systems—those with flowing waters like streams and most rivers—and lentic systems, which include still or slow-moving waters such as lakes, ponds, and marshes.In lentic systems, phytoplankton drive primary production, generating autochthonous organic carbon. In contrast, lotic systems...
Trophic Efficiency00:46

Trophic Efficiency

Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.
Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
Linear Approximations01:23

Linear Approximations

For a differentiable function of two variables, linear approximation estimates values near a known point by replacing the curved surface with its tangent plane. Consider the function\begin{equation*}f(x,y)=x^2+3y^2\end{equation*}near the point (2, 1). The exact value at this point is f(2, 1) = 22 + 3(1)2 = 4 + 3 = 7.The linear approximation of f(x, y)) near (a, b) is\begin{equation*}L(x,y)=f(a,b)+f_x(a,b)(x-a)+f_y(a,b)(y-b)\end{equation*}First, compute the partial derivatives: fx(x, y) = 2x and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading
10:49

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Published on: March 6, 2014

Nonpoint source pollution loading from an undistributed tropic forest area.

Chih-Hua Chang1, Ching-Gung Wen, Chia-Hui Huang

  • 1Department of Environmental Engineering, Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. chchang@ckmail.ncku.edu.tw

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
|December 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Forest watershed pollution in Taiwan shows higher water quality parameter concentrations during rainy days. Major storm events significantly contribute to annual nonpoint source pollution loads, necessitating targeted management strategies.

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrology
  • Forestry

Background:

  • Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from forest areas poses a significant challenge to water quality.
  • Understanding NPS pollution dynamics in mountainous watersheds is crucial for effective environmental management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate water quality and NPS pollution loads in a mountainous forest watershed in Taiwan.
  • To quantify the impact of rainfall events on pollution loads and identify key drivers of pollutant transport.

Main Methods:

  • Continuous monitoring of flow rates using rectangular weirs and water quality sampling over two years.
  • Hydrological Simulation Program--FORTRAN used to simulate runoff for three additional years.
  • Regression modeling to estimate total annual loads of various water quality parameters.

Main Results:

  • Most water quality parameter concentrations were elevated during rainy days compared to non-rainy periods and other undisturbed forests.
  • Suspended solids (SS) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations showed positive correlations with flow rates.
  • Six major storm events, lasting only 6.4 days, accounted for 42% of annual precipitation and at least 40% of annual NPS loads.

Conclusions:

  • Annual NPS pollution loads from the studied forest watershed exhibit significant fluctuations, heavily influenced by major storm events.
  • Effective management strategies are required to control NPS pollution from forest watersheds, particularly focusing on high-impact events.
  • The findings provide valuable data for watershed management and policy development in similar ecosystems.