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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...

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Related Experiment Video

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Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells
08:29

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

Published on: April 27, 2018

Calcium signalling and mitochondrial motility.

György Hajnóczky1, Masao Saotome, György Csordás

  • 1Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.

Novartis Foundation Symposium
|December 14, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria move within cells to manage calcium signaling. Calcium ions (Ca2+) can inhibit mitochondrial movement, keeping these energy producers near signaling sites to control cell survival and death.

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Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy
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Monitoring Dynamic Changes In Mitochondrial Calcium Levels During Apoptosis Using A Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor
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Monitoring Dynamic Changes In Mitochondrial Calcium Levels During Apoptosis Using A Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

Published on: April 1, 2011

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells
08:29

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

Published on: April 27, 2018

Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy
08:43

Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy

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Monitoring Dynamic Changes In Mitochondrial Calcium Levels During Apoptosis Using A Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor
06:26

Monitoring Dynamic Changes In Mitochondrial Calcium Levels During Apoptosis Using A Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

Published on: April 1, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Dynamics
  • Calcium Signaling

Background:

  • Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) regulates diverse cellular functions through spatiotemporal control.
  • Effective Ca2+ handling requires coordinated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release, plasma membrane Ca2+ influx, and localized ATP production by mitochondria.
  • Mitochondria are mobile organelles, translocated along cytoskeletal tracks by motor proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how cell signaling mechanisms control mitochondrial distribution.
  • To examine the spatial relationship between mitochondria and ER domains.
  • To discuss the implications of mitochondrial movement in Ca2+-dependent cell fate.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on mitochondrial motility and Ca2+ interactions.
  • Analysis of cytoskeletal tracks and motor protein involvement in mitochondrial transport.
  • Investigation of Ca2+ signaling's impact on mitochondrial positioning.

Main Results:

  • Ca2+ has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial motility, retaining mitochondria at Ca2+ signaling hotspots.
  • Mitochondrial distribution is dynamically controlled by cellular signaling pathways.
  • Specific spatial arrangements exist between mitochondria and ER domains.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial positioning is crucial for effective intracellular Ca2+ handling.
  • Ca2+ -induced inhibition of mitochondrial motility serves as a mechanism to localize energy production.
  • Mitochondrial dynamics play a significant role in regulating Ca2+-dependent cell survival and death pathways.