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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

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Removal of Arsenic Using a Cationic Polymer Gel Impregnated with Iron Hydroxide

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Large decrease in acute aquatic toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in hard water and seawater by adding

Masaru Oya¹, Yuka Takemoto, Yusuke Ishikawa

¹Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Education and Human Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama-shi, Japan. moya@ynu.ac.jp

Journal of Oleo Science

|December 14, 2007

Summary

Adsorbents significantly reduce the aquatic toxicity of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) in hard freshwater and seawater. This finding is crucial for environmental risk assessments of surfactants.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Ecotoxicology

Background:

Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) exhibits high aquatic toxicity, particularly in hard freshwater and seawater.
Water hardness and salinity exacerbate the toxicity of LAS.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of adsorbents on the aquatic toxicity of LAS.
To evaluate the effectiveness of kaolin as a model adsorbent.

Main Methods:

Acute aquatic toxicity tests using Daphnia magna and Artemia salina.
Measurement of toxic surface tension (gamma(tox)) as an indicator of toxicity.
Assessing the effect of kaolin adsorbent on LAS solutions with varying hardness and salinity.

Main Results:

LAS toxicity increased with water hardness and salinity, indicated by decreased surface tension.
Addition of kaolin adsorbent significantly reduced LAS surface activity and aquatic toxicity.
Adsorbent addition mitigated the influence of water hardness and salinity on LAS toxicity.

Conclusions:

Adsorbents effectively eliminate the enhanced aquatic toxicity of LAS in high salt concentrations.
The presence of adsorbents is a critical factor in environmental risk assessment for surfactants like LAS.