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Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication
Published on: June 14, 2024
Activation of HIV-1 expression and replication by cGMP dependent protein kinase type 1-beta (PKG1beta)
Jia Hai Lee1, Venkat Rk Yedavalli, Kuan-Teh Jeang
1Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460, USA. jiahai@yahoo.com
Abstract:
The effect of cGMP (cyclic GMP) dependent protein kinase 1-beta (PKG1-beta) and cGMP analogues on transcriptional activity and replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was investigated. Transfection of PKG1beta expression plasmid increased expression from an HIV-1 LTR-reporter as well as from an infectious HIV-1 molecular clone, pNL4-3. Treatment of HIV-1 AD8-infected monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) with cGMP agonists and cGMP antagonists caused respectively increased and decreased virus replication. These findings provide evidence that cGMP and PKG serve to regulate HIV-1 infection in human cells.
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