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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers01:17

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...

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Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults with Epilepsy: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Multicenter Study.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
09:57

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Published on: September 20, 2024

Bone in idiopathic and symptomatic epilepsy.

Raj D Sheth1, Bruce P Hermann

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792-5132, United States. sheth@neurology.wisc.edu

Epilepsy Research
|December 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Children with epilepsy, even those who can walk normally, have lower bone mineral density (BMD). This reduced BMD, particularly in symptomatic epilepsy, may explain their increased fracture risk.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Epilepsy is linked to reduced bone mineral density (BMD), potentially increasing fracture risk.
  • While non-ambulatory patients show reduced BMD, the impact on ambulatory epilepsy patients is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate bone mineral density (BMD) in ambulatory children with epilepsy.
  • To compare BMD in children with idiopathic and symptomatic epilepsy against healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 116 ambulatory children (ages 6-18) with epilepsy and 36 healthy controls.
  • Age- and gender-specific z-score total bone mineral density (z-BMD) was measured.
  • Patients were categorized by epilepsy type (idiopathic vs. symptomatic) and seizure type (generalized vs. partial).

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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
10:22

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Published on: December 6, 2016

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
09:57

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Published on: September 20, 2024

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
10:22

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Published on: December 6, 2016

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

Main Results:

  • Both idiopathic and symptomatic epilepsies were associated with significantly lower z-BMD compared to controls.
  • Patients with generalized seizures exhibited lower z-BMD than those with partial seizures.
  • Symptomatic generalized epilepsy showed the lowest z-BMD, and longer duration of symptomatic epilepsy correlated with reduced BMD.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) is prevalent in both idiopathic and symptomatic epilepsy, irrespective of ambulation.
  • Symptomatic epilepsy, especially generalized symptomatic epilepsy, is linked to the most significant BMD reduction.
  • These findings suggest epilepsy itself, beyond immobility, contributes to bone fragility and fracture risk.