Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
The position of the joint line in relation to the trans-epicondylar axis of the knee: complementary radiologic and
John Mountney1, Richard Karamfiles, William Breidahl
1Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia.
Abstract:
Two complementary studies that seek to establish the relationship between the length and position of the trans-epicondylar axis (TEAL) of the distal femur and the position of the knee joint line were presented. A radiologic study of 50 patients having computerized axial tomography of the knee showed that there is a good correlation between TEAL and the depths of the femoral condyles distal to the trans-epicondylar axis. A retrospective review of the anatomical data gathered on 99 patients having computer-assisted total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) provided equivalent information. The 2 studies suggest that TEAL determined by the process of registration, as a preliminary to computer-assisted TKA, can be used to predict the position of the joint line using the derived constant k at a value of 3.4. Thus, the joint line of the knee lies at a distance (TEAL / 3.4) expressed in millimeters from the trans-epicondylar axis. This is potentially very useful information during TKA especially where there is extensive femoral bone loss.
Related Concept Videos
Knee Joint
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella
Ankle Joint
