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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
Design Example: Vintage Mixing Console01:17

Design Example: Vintage Mixing Console

A sound engineer at a music company recently encountered a problem. The output from their newly acquired studio's vintage mixing console was too low for the requirements of modern recording equipment. To rectify this situation, the engineer decided to design an audio pre-amplifier using an operational amplifier (op-amp) to boost the signal level.
The specifications for the pre-amplifier were clear. It needed to amplify the audio signal by a factor of 10, have an input impedance above 10...
Design Example01:23

Design Example

The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
Upsampling01:22

Upsampling

Managing signal sampling rates is essential in digital signal processing to maintain signal integrity. A decimated signal, characterized by a reduced frequency range due to its lower sampling rate, can be upsampled by inserting zeros between each sample. This upsampling process expands the original spectrum and introduces repeated spectral replicas at intervals dictated by the new Nyquist frequency. To refine this zero-inserted sequence, it is passed through a lowpass filter with a cutoff...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms
08:48

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Published on: September 25, 2020

Novel designs for sampled grating-based multiplexers demultiplexers.

W H Loh, F Q Zhou, J J Pan

    Optics Letters
    |December 15, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Novel multiplexers-demultiplexers using interleaved sampled gratings offer flexible configurations for dense wavelength-division multiplexing systems. This technology enables the realization of hybrid, add-drop, and all-grating multiplexer designs.

    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Telecommunications Technology

    Background:

    • Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) systems are crucial for increasing optical network capacity.
    • Existing multiplexer-demultiplexer technologies face limitations in flexibility and integration.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present novel multiplexer-demultiplexer designs for DWDM systems.
    • To demonstrate the versatility of interleaved sampled gratings in optical systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing interleaved sampled gratings as the core component for multiplexing and demultiplexing.
    • Designing various configurations including hybrid, add-drop, and all-grating-based multiplexers.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully realized novel multiplexer-demultiplexer configurations.

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  • Demonstrated the adaptability of the proposed design for different system requirements.
  • Achieved flexible integration of multiplexing functionalities.

    • Conclusions:

    • Interleaved sampled gratings provide a powerful and adaptable platform for DWDM multiplexer-demultiplexer development.
    • The presented designs facilitate the realization of diverse multiplexer architectures.
    • This approach enhances the flexibility and integration capabilities of optical communication systems.