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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Cylinders in Three-Dimensional Space01:28

Cylinders in Three-Dimensional Space

A cylindrical surface is generated when a two-dimensional profile curve is translated along a straight line in three-dimensional space. The translated copies of the curve form a surface composed of parallel rulings, each oriented in the same fixed direction. This construction allows many three-dimensional forms to be described using relatively simple planar equations.In Cartesian coordinates, a cylindrical surface is often recognized by an equation that omits one of the three variables. For...
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes01:23

Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is purely axial,...
Gauss's Law: Cylindrical Symmetry01:20

Gauss's Law: Cylindrical Symmetry

A charge distribution has cylindrical symmetry if the charge density depends only upon the distance from the axis of the cylinder and does not vary along the axis or with the direction about the axis. In other words, if a system varies if it is rotated around the axis or shifted along the axis, it does not have cylindrical symmetry. In real systems, we do not have infinite cylinders; however, if the cylindrical object is considerably longer than the radius from it that we are interested in,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
12:18

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

Visualizing the whispering gallery modes in a cylindrical optical microcavity.

M L Balistreri, D J Klunder, F C Blom

    Optics Letters
    |December 15, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Photon scanning tunneling microscopy mapped whispering gallery modes in microcavities for the first time. This revealed complex intracavity phenomena like polarization conversion and mode interference, enhancing our understanding of integrated optics.

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    Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors
    08:32

    Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

    Published on: January 29, 2013

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    Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

    Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
    12:18

    Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

    Published on: August 5, 2013

    Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors
    08:32

    Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

    Published on: January 29, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Integrated optics
    • Microcavity physics
    • Photon scanning tunneling microscopy

    Background:

    • Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are crucial for microcavity devices.
    • Previous limitations in spatial resolution hindered detailed observation of WGMs.
    • Understanding intracavity phenomena is key to optimizing optical devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To map whispering gallery modes in cylindrical integrated optics microcavities with high spatial resolution.
    • To observe and analyze intracavity phenomena within these microcavities.
    • To achieve a comprehensive understanding of WGM behavior through experimental and computational methods.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized photon scanning tunneling microscopy (PSTM) for high-resolution optical imaging.
    • Achieved a spatial resolution of 50 nm.
    • Combined spatial optical distribution data with wavelength-dependent measurements.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully mapped WGMs in cylindrical microcavities for the first time using PSTM.
    • Observed a variety of intracavity phenomena, including polarization conversion and mode interference.
    • Directly visualized interference between copropagating and counterpropagating modes.

    Conclusions:

    • PSTM provides unprecedented insight into WGM behavior in microcavities.
    • The study revealed complex phenomena previously unobserved.
    • Quantitative comparison with simulations validated the comprehensive understanding of WGMs.