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Sleep Apnea

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
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Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

[Complex sleep apnea syndrome].

Tomasz J Kuźniar¹, Kamilla Kasibowska-Kuźniar

¹Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, IL 60201, USA. tkuzniar@enh.org

Pneumonologia I Alergologia Polska

|December 18, 2007

Summary

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) can trigger complex sleep apnea syndrome (CompSAS) in some patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This review covers CompSAS epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatments.

Area of Science:

Sleep Medicine
Respiratory Physiology

Context:

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects millions globally.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a primary OSA treatment.
A subset of OSA patients develop central sleep apnea (CSA) during CPAP therapy.

Purpose:

To review the current understanding of complex sleep apnea syndrome (CompSAS).
To explore the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of CompSAS.
To present novel data on CompSAS.

Summary:

Complex sleep apnea syndrome (CompSAS) is characterized by persistent central sleep apnea activity emerging during CPAP treatment for OSA.
The pathophysiology is hypothesized to involve respiratory control center instability.
This review synthesizes existing literature and includes original data.

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Acupoint Application Combined with Ear Plaster Therapy for Treating Sleep Disorders with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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Published on: October 18, 2024

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Acupoint Application Combined with Ear Plaster Therapy for Treating Sleep Disorders with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Acupoint Application Combined with Ear Plaster Therapy for Treating Sleep Disorders with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Published on: October 18, 2024

Impact:

Enhances understanding of a challenging clinical condition.
Provides a foundation for developing targeted CompSAS therapies.
Improves clinical management strategies for patients with complex sleep-disordered breathing.