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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

Asymmetric nuclear reprogramming in somatic cell nuclear transfer?

Pasqualino Loi1, Nathalie Beaujean, Saadi Khochbin

  • 1Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Teramo, Italy. ploi@unite.it

Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
|December 18, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reproductive cloning efficiency remains low due to unbalanced nuclear reprogramming. Enhancing donor cell chromatin organization before nuclear transfer may improve cloning outcomes for stem cell therapy and conservation.

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Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
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Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT

Published on: September 30, 2010

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
09:52

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Published on: April 26, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
13:36

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT

Published on: September 30, 2010

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
09:52

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Published on: April 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology and stem cell science.

Background:

  • Reproductive cloning efficiency is low despite advances.
  • Nuclear transfer for patient-tailored stem cells shows promise.
  • Cloned embryos exhibit epigenetic/genotypic abnormalities due to reprogramming issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causes of epigenetic/genotypic changes in cloned embryos.
  • To propose a method for balancing nuclear reprogramming asymmetry.
  • To enhance the efficiency of reproductive cloning and therapeutic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzing epigenetic and genotypic changes in cloned embryos.
  • Investigating the limitations of oocyte reprogramming machinery on paternal alleles.
  • Proposing transient expression of specific chromatin remodelling proteins in donor cells.

Main Results:

  • Asynchronous reprogramming between parental chromosomes is identified as a key issue.
  • Oocyte reprogramming machinery may not effectively target paternal alleles from somatic cells.
  • A novel approach involving male-specific chromatin organization is suggested.

Conclusions:

  • Unbalanced nuclear reprogramming is a significant barrier in cloning.
  • Transient expression of spermatogenesis-related chromatin remodelers could improve reprogramming.
  • This strategy may enhance cloning efficiency for therapeutic and conservation purposes.