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Related Concept Videos

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...
Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

Theory of Strong Electrolytes

The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Concentration Cells01:29

Concentration Cells

A concentration cell is an electrochemical cell in which the emf arises from a difference in concentration of a species between two half-cells. Unlike galvanic cells, where electrical energy comes from a chemical reaction, the driving force here is the transfer of matter from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. The overall process is therefore physical in nature. A classic illustration is a cell made of two chlorine electrodes operating at different chlorine gas...
Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
Electrochemical Systems01:24

Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution, the Zn metal, composed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Proton-conducting glass electrolyte.

Thanganathan Uma, Masayuki Nogami

    Analytical Chemistry
    |December 18, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A novel porous glass electrolyte using heteropolyacids achieves high proton conductivity (1.014 S cm(-1)) for fuel cell applications. This phosphotungstic acid (PWA) based membrane demonstrates excellent performance in H(2)/O(2) fuel cells.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

    Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
    05:33

    Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

    Published on: August 12, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Electrochemistry
    • Chemical Engineering

    Background:

    • Development of advanced electrolytes is crucial for efficient hydrogen fuel cells.
    • Heteropolyacids offer potential for high proton conductivity but require stable matrixes.
    • Porous glass provides a robust framework for incorporating active electrolyte components.

    Discussion:

    • A novel porous glass electrolyte incorporating phosphotungstic acid (PWA) and phosphomolybdic acid was synthesized and characterized.
    • The composite material exhibited an exceptionally high proton conductivity of 1.014 S cm(-1) at 30°C and 85% relative humidity.
    • This represents a significant advancement over previously reported heteropolyacid-based membranes.

    Key Insights:

    • The PWA-containing porous glass electrolyte demonstrates unprecedented proton conductivity for heteropolyacid glass membranes.
    • Application in an H(2)/O(2) fuel cell resulted in a maximum power density of 41.5 mW/cm(2) at 32°C.
    • The synergistic effect between the porous glass matrix and heteropolyacids enhances electrochemical performance.

    Outlook:

    • Further optimization of the porous glass composition and fabrication could lead to even higher conductivity and stability.
    • This electrolyte technology holds promise for next-generation proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs).
    • Investigating long-term durability and performance under various operating conditions is essential for commercial viability.