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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

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Related Experiment Videos

Developmental mismatch: consequences for later cardiorespiratory health.

K C Pike1, M A Hanson, K M Godfrey

  • 1Child Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.

BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
|December 18, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Small birth size and poor infant growth increase adult disease risk, especially with later weight gain. This highlights the

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Studies link small birth size and poor infant growth to increased adult cardiovascular and respiratory disease risk.
  • This association is observed across the normal range of infant size.
  • Accelerated childhood weight gain following restricted early growth exacerbates this risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between early growth patterns and adult disease risk.
  • To investigate the 'mismatch hypothesis' in the context of developmental plasticity.
  • To understand how early environmental predictions influence later health outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and epidemiological studies.
  • Analysis of growth trajectories from birth through childhood.
  • Examination of disease incidence in adulthood.

Main Results:

  • A graded relationship exists between infant size and adult disease risk.
  • Restricted early growth followed by rapid weight gain significantly elevates disease risk.
  • Developmental plasticity in response to early environments plays a crucial role.

Conclusions:

  • Early life growth patterns are critical determinants of adult cardiovascular and respiratory health.
  • The 'mismatch hypothesis' provides a framework for understanding how early developmental adaptations to perceived environments can lead to adult disease.
  • Interventions targeting early growth and weight gain may mitigate long-term disease risk.