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Related Concept Videos

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract IV: Auscultation01:28

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract IV: Auscultation

Auscultation is a crucial component of the physical assessment of the respiratory tract. It offers valuable insights into airflow through the bronchial tree and potential lung obstructions. This process involves careful listening to breath, voice, and adventitious sounds, which can reveal a wealth of information about a patient's respiratory health.
Breath Sounds
Breath sounds are categorized into vesicular, bronchovesicular, and bronchial.
Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation01:31

Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation

In assessing respiratory abnormalities, palpation and auscultation are critical tools for detecting and interpreting various pathophysiological changes. These techniques provide insight into underlying disorders by evaluating tactile sensations and sounds produced by the respiratory system.
Palpation Findings
During a respiratory assessment, palpation can reveal several vital abnormalities:
Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...
Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
External and Internal Respiration01:24

External and Internal Respiration

External respiration occurs in the lungs, and it is the first step in the journey of oxygen inside the body. When we inhale, oxygen enters our lungs and diffuses across the thin alveolar membrane. The alveoli are tiny, air-filled sacs that provide a vast surface area for gas exchange. Oxygen in the alveoli has a higher partial pressure (105 mmHg) than in the adjacent pulmonary capillaries (40 mmHg), establishing a pressure gradient. As a result, oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Operant Conditioning Task to Measure Song Preference in Zebra Finches
06:40

Operant Conditioning Task to Measure Song Preference in Zebra Finches

Published on: December 26, 2019

Singing with reduced air sac volume causes uniform decrease in airflow and sound amplitude in the zebra finch.

Emily Megan Plummer1, Franz Goller

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.

The Journal of Experimental Biology
|December 18, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Zebra finches do not adjust their breathing effort during singing when air volume is reduced. This suggests songbirds lack compensatory mechanisms for physiological and acoustic changes during vocalizations.

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

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Dissection and Downstream Analysis of Zebra Finch Embryos at Early Stages of Development

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Operant Conditioning Task to Measure Song Preference in Zebra Finches
06:40

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

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Dissection and Downstream Analysis of Zebra Finch Embryos at Early Stages of Development
09:23

Dissection and Downstream Analysis of Zebra Finch Embryos at Early Stages of Development

Published on: June 21, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Animal Behavior
  • Bioacoustics
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Bird song is a complex behavior involving intricate respiratory control.
  • The relationship between respiratory function and song production in birds remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how respiratory functions are controlled during zebra finch song.
  • To determine if birds compensate for reduced air volume during vocalization.

Main Methods:

  • Inert dental medium was injected into zebra finch air sacs to reduce air volume.
  • Measurements of air sac pressure, tracheal airflow, and sound amplitude were recorded during song.
  • Changes in respiratory rate and temporal song patterns were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Reduced air volume significantly decreased air sac pressure, tracheal airflow, and sound amplitude during song.
  • No increase in abdominal muscle activity was observed, indicating a lack of compensatory effort.
  • Minimal changes were noted in the temporal pattern of the song.

Conclusions:

  • Zebra finches do not appear to compensate for reduced physiological or acoustic parameters during song.
  • Somatosensory and auditory feedback mechanisms do not seem to correct expiratory effort in response to reduced air volume during singing.