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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
09:38

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

Published on: December 18, 2015

Combined optical-infrared single-ion frequency standard.

P Taylor, M Roberts, G P Barwood

    Optics Letters
    |December 18, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers demonstrated a combined infrared-optical frequency standard using a single ytterbium ion. This system utilizes optical and infrared transitions for precise frequency measurements, achieving narrow linewidths.

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic Physics
    • Quantum Optics
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Precise frequency standards are crucial for advancements in metrology and fundamental physics.
    • Single-ion systems offer excellent isolation for high-precision spectroscopy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a novel combined infrared-optical frequency-standard scheme.
    • To investigate the infrared (2)F(7/2)-(2)D(5/2) transition in ytterbium.
    • To achieve narrow-linewidth light generation at 3.43 micrometers.

    Main Methods:

    • Sequential excitation of optical (2)S(1/2)-(2)D(5/2) and infrared (2)F(7/2)-(2)D(5/2) transitions in a single ytterbium ion.
    • Difference-frequency mixing of Nd:YAG and extended-cavity diode laser outputs in AgGaS(2) crystal.
    • Frequency stabilization of lasers to high-finesse reference cavities.

    More Related Videos

    Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection
    16:11

    Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

    Published on: April 26, 2014

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

    Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
    09:38

    Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

    Published on: December 18, 2015

    Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection
    16:11

    Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

    Published on: April 26, 2014

    Main Results:

    • Successful demonstration of a combined infrared-optical frequency standard.
    • Observation of infrared transition linewidths as narrow as 300 kHz.
    • Generation of narrow-linewidth light at 3.43 micrometers.

    Conclusions:

    • The combined scheme provides a robust platform for high-precision frequency metrology.
    • The study advances the development of optical and infrared atomic clocks.
    • This work paves the way for new applications in quantum information and sensing.