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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules02:34

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Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
07:17

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Published on: August 1, 2017

Plasma waveguide formation in predissociated clustering gases.

T Ditmire, R A Smith, M H Hutchinson

    Optics Letters
    |December 18, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new method creates a plasma waveguide for high-intensity lasers using a dissociated gas channel. This technique guides laser pulses through underdense plasmas by selectively ionizing gas clusters.

    Area of Science:

    • Plasma Physics
    • Laser-Plasma Interactions
    • Waveguide Technology

    Background:

    • Guiding high-intensity laser pulses in plasmas requires stable structures.
    • Traditional methods face challenges in plasma channel formation and stability.
    • Underdense plasmas offer unique environments for laser propagation studies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel technique for creating a plasma waveguide.
    • To enable the guiding of high-intensity laser pulses in underdense plasmas.
    • To investigate the physical mechanisms of plasma channel formation.

    Main Methods:

    • Dissociation of a clustering gas using a low-intensity laser prepulse.
    • Propagation of a high-intensity, focused laser pulse through the prepared gas.

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    10:37

    Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

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  • Interferometric probing of the formed plasma channel using picosecond laser pulses.

    • Main Results:

    • Successful creation of a low-density central channel surrounded by a highly ionized annulus.
    • Demonstration of a plasma waveguide structure suitable for laser guiding.
    • Characterization of the channel formation dynamics via interferometry.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel technique effectively generates a stable plasma waveguide.
    • This method provides a promising approach for controlling high-intensity laser propagation in plasmas.
    • Further research can explore applications in laser-driven particle acceleration and fusion energy.