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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Related Experiment Videos

[Anesthesia in the Inca empire].

H Barrie Fairley1

  • 1Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. barrfair@gmail.com

Revista Espanola De Anestesiologia Y Reanimacion
|December 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Incas may have used plant-based anesthesia, including maize-derived chicha and Datura, for surgical pain relief. Coca leaves likely served as a topical anesthetic or for endurance, suggesting sophisticated ancient pain management techniques.

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Area of Science:

  • Ethnobotany
  • Medical History
  • Archaeology

Context:

  • The Incas lacked a written language, leaving limited direct records of their surgical practices and pain management.
  • Historical accounts and modern ethnobotanical knowledge offer insights into potential ancient anesthetic methods.

Purpose:

  • To explore the possibility of anesthesia in Inca surgery.
  • To identify plants with psychoactive or anesthetic properties used by the Incas.
  • To reconstruct potential methods for surgical pain relief in the Inca Empire.

Summary:

  • Inca chroniclers provide scarce information on surgery and pain relief, but available psychoactive plants suggest potential anesthetic use.
  • Maize was fermented into chicha, used for inducing unconsciousness in minor surgeries and historically for female circumcision.
  • Plants like Datura, espingo, tobacco, and San Pedro cactus likely produced trance states or anesthesia, with Datura evidenced for anesthetic use.
  • Coca leaves, chewed for energy, may have provided pain relief when applied to wounds, and a decoction could have been a topical anesthetic.
  • It is probable that the Incas combined chicha with other narcotics for surgical anesthesia, possibly using coca as a topical agent.

Impact:

  • This research sheds light on the sophisticated, albeit inferred, medical practices of the Inca civilization.
  • It highlights the potential of ethnobotanical and historical analysis to reconstruct ancient anesthetic techniques.
  • Understanding historical pain management offers comparative insights into modern anesthesia and analgesia.