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Indirect defence via tritrophic interactions.

Martin Heil1

  • 1Dpto de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV - Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, CP 36821; Department of General Botany - Plant Ecology, University Duisburg-Essen, FB BioGeo, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45117 Essen, Germany.

The New Phytologist
|December 19, 2007
PubMed
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Plants use indirect defenses like volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and extrafloral nectar (EFN) to deter herbivores by attracting carnivores. Further research is needed to understand these complex tritrophic interactions for sustainable agriculture.

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Plant Science
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Plants employ indirect defense strategies against herbivores, involving carnivore attraction.
  • Key plant traits include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and extrafloral nectar (EFN), induced by herbivory via jasmonic acid.
  • Other traits like food bodies and domatia also support predators but have different induction mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted interactions among plant indirect defense traits.
  • To investigate the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on these defense mechanisms.
  • To assess the potential of indirect defenses for environmentally friendly crop protection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on plant-carnivore interactions and indirect defenses.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of the roles of VOCs, EFN, food bodies, and domatia in tritrophic systems.
  • Discussion of genetic, physiological, and ecological interactions.

    • Main Results:

    • VOCs primarily attract predatory mites and parasitic wasps; EFN attracts ants.
    • Interactions between different defense traits and environmental factors are complex and understudied.
    • Knowledge gaps exist regarding the fitness effects of indirect defenses.

    Conclusions:

    • Indirect plant defenses are crucial in tritrophic interactions but require more research.
    • Understanding these interactions is vital for their application in sustainable agriculture and crop protection.
    • Further studies on fitness consequences under varying conditions are necessary.