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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
09:40

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Published on: January 19, 2017

Muscular mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling1, Michael Roden, M Eline Kooi

  • 1Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
|December 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial dysfunction in muscles is linked to type 2 diabetes. Studies show reduced muscle oxidative capacity in individuals with insulin resistance, but the causal link to diabetes remains unclear.

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Mitochondrial biology

Background:

  • Muscular mitochondrial dysfunction and fat accumulation in skeletal muscle are implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • Insulin resistance is a key factor in the development of type 2 diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review human studies on mitochondrial function in relation to muscular insulin sensitivity and diabetes.
  • To explore the role of mitochondrial aberrations in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • In-vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess mitochondrial functionality via adenosine triphosphate flux.
  • Measurement of phosphocreatine recovery from exercise to evaluate mitochondrial oxidative capacity.
  • Review of studies investigating mitochondrial respiration in diabetic patients.

Main Results:

  • Insulin-resistant and prediabetic individuals exhibit reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity in muscles.
  • Decreased mitochondrial density and intrinsic defects in mitochondrial respiration may contribute to reduced capacity.
  • Studies on mitochondrial respiratory capacity in diabetic patients yielded inconsistent results.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial aberrations in type 2 diabetes are detectable but their causal role is uncertain.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction might be a consequence of elevated plasma fatty acids or glucose levels.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the causative relationship between muscular mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes.